On July 8, as the Red Army approached the city, the German authorities began to remove Jews to concentration camps in Germany. Many attempted to find refuge in underground hideouts that they had prepared; the Germans flushed them out with the help of dogs, smoke grenades, and firebombs. Approximately 2,000 Jews died of asphyxiation as the ghetto went up in flames and its buildings collapsed. About 4,000 Jews were transported to the Reich and territory that was annexed to the Reich, mainly to Dachau, Kaufering, and Stutthof.
